Kimchi Powder on Gut Health

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults, male or female, aged 20 to 70 years * Body mass index of 25 kg/m2 or more and less than 30 kg/m2 * Meeting the Rome IV criteria for diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D), defined as Bristol Stool Form Scale type 6 or 7 in 25% or more of bowel movements from 2 weeks before screening through the day of the screening visit * No inflammatory bowel disease or malignancy * Provided written agreement to refrain from consuming kimchi-containing foods for the duration of the study (approximately 2 months) Exclusion Criteria: * Drug-induced constipation * Constipation secondary to another condition, such as diabetes mellitus or thyroid disease * History of intra-abdominal surgery other than appendectomy (including gastrectomy, gastric bypass, gallbladder or biliary tract surgery, pancreatectomy, bowel resection with particular reference to the ileum, and colorectal surgery or insertion procedures) * Uncontrolled hypertension (resting blood pressure 160/100 mmHg or higher) * Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (fasting blood glucose 160 mg/dL or higher) * Uncontrolled hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism * AST or ALT concentration 3 times or more the upper limit of the reference range of the testing laboratory * Creatinine concentration 2 times or more the upper limit of the reference range of the testing laboratory * Severe cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease or malignancy within the previous 6 months * Psychiatric disorder such as severe …