This randomized controlled trial evaluates the effects of adding blood flow restriction training to regular roller skating training on neuromuscular function under non-fatigued and fatigued conditions, muscle morphology, body composition, physiological responses, lower-limb strength, and roller skating performance in competitive roller skaters. Thirty participants aged 18 to 25 years will be randomly assigned to either a blood flow restriction training group or a regular training control group. Both groups will complete the same standardized 10-week roller skating training program. The blood flow restriction training group will wear pressure cuffs individualized according to each participant's arterial occlusion pressure during selected training sessions three times per week, while the control group will complete the same training without blood flow restriction. Before and after the intervention, participants will complete standardized assessments of muscle morphology using musculoskeletal ultrasound, body composition using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and lower-limb strength using handheld dynamometry and one-repetition maximum tests. Physiological responses will be evaluated using blood lactate concentration and heart rate variability. Roller skating performance will be assessed using sprint, repeated-sprint, and endurance skating tests. Neuromuscular function, jump performance, and balance will also be assessed under both non-fatigued and fatigued conditions. Surface electromyography and force-platform data will be collected simultaneously during selected jump and single-leg balance tasks. The Y-Balance Test will be conducted separately without surface electromyography. The study aims to determine whether blood flow restriction training improves muscle and neuromuscular adaptations, body composition, strength, physiological responses, and roller skating performance, and whether it helps roller skaters maintain neuromuscular function, jump performance, and balance during fatigue.
Age range
18 Years – 25 Years
Sex
ALL
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Change From Baseline in Ultrasound-Derived Lower-Limb Muscle Morphology
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention)
Mean Change From Baseline in Normalized Mean RMS Amplitude During Single-Leg Countermovement Jump Without Arm Swing
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol
Mean Change From Baseline in Normalized Mean RMS Amplitude During Squat Jump With Hands on Hips
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol
Mean Change From Baseline in Normalized Mean RMS Amplitude During Five Consecutive Countermovement Jumps
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol
Mean Change From Baseline in Normalized Mean RMS Amplitude During Ten Consecutive Straight-Leg Jumps
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol
Mean Change From Baseline in Normalized Mean RMS Amplitude During Left- and Right-Leg Lateral Bound
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol at each assessment
Mean Change From Baseline in the Fatigue-Induced Change in Normalized Mean RMS Amplitude of the Gluteus Medius During Bilateral Countermovement Jump With Hands on Hips
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), with measurements obtained before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol at each assessment
Mean Change From Baseline in Medial Gastrocnemius Pennation Angle at 30% of Lower-Leg Length at Rest
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention)
Mean Change From Baseline in Average Pennation Angle Across Seven Prespecified Lower-Limb Ultrasound Site-Condition Combinations
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention)
Mean Change From Baseline in Average Muscle Thickness Across Seven Prespecified Lower-Limb Ultrasound Site-Condition Combinations
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention)
Mean Change From Baseline in Average Fascicle Length Across Seven Prespecified Lower-Limb Ultrasound Site-Condition Combinations
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention)
Mean Change From Baseline in Velocity-Derived Jump Height Across Prespecified Jump Tasks
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol at each assessment
Mean Change From Baseline in Jump-Height Decrement During Repeated Jump Tasks
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol at each assessment
Mean Change From Baseline in Maximum Relative Force Across Prespecified Jump Tasks
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol at each assessment
Mean Change From Baseline in Relative Peak Vertical Power Across Prespecified Jump Tasks
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol at each assessment
Mean Change From Baseline in Modified Reactive Strength Index Across Prespecified Jump Tasks
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol at each assessment
Mean Change From Baseline in Concentric Impulse Across Prespecified Jump Tasks
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol at each assessment
Mean Change From Baseline in Maximum Landing Force Across Prespecified Jump Tasks
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol at each assessment
Mean Change From Baseline in Time to Stabilization Across Prespecified Landing Tasks
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol at each assessment
Mean Change From Baseline in Total Center-of-Pressure Sway Path Length During Single-Leg Standing
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol at each assessment
Mean Change From Baseline in Mean Center-of-Pressure Sway Velocity During Single-Leg Standing
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol at each assessment
Mean Change From Baseline in Center-of-Pressure Sway Envelope Area During Single-Leg Standing
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 10 (post-intervention), assessed before and immediately after the standardized fatigue-induction protocol at each assessment