Clinical Validation of SMD-RVECG for Predicting Atrial Fibrillation With Rapid Ventricular Response Within 2 Hours

Inclusion Criteria: * Continuous single-lead electrocardiogram data collected through VitalDB at Seoul National University Hospital between September 1, 2022, and September 30, 2025 * Participant aged 19 years or older at the time of electrocardiogram data collection * Electrocardiogram data meeting either of the following group definitions: * AF with RVR-positive group: atrial fibrillation followed by rapid ventricular response, defined as an average heart rate of 110 beats per minute or greater for at least 30 seconds, with available electrocardiogram data for up to 2 hours before the onset of rapid ventricular response and after the onset in accordance with the protocol * AF with RVR-negative group: atrial fibrillation without rapid ventricular response, with 3 hours of electrocardiogram data available before a selected index time corresponding to a similar time during hospitalization as that used for positive cases * If the relevant episode occurred within 2 hours after the start of electrocardiogram recording, availability of electrocardiogram data from the start of recording through up to 1 hour after the episode, with a minimum electrocardiogram recording duration of 10 minutes * Other data considered suitable for the study by the principal investigator Exclusion Criteria: * Electrocardiogram data considered to be of inadequate quality because of noise, poor equipment handling, unclear signals, artifacts, or similar problems * Electrocardiogram data with signal…