A Prospective Clinical Study Observed the Effects of Tubeless Anesthesia Method That Preserves Spontaneous Breathing and the Double-lumen Bronchial Intubation on the Brain Health During the Perioperative Period

Inclusion Criteria: * Patient age: 18 - 75 years old * Patients meeting the standards of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I-III grade and the New York Heart Association (NYHA) I-II class * Body Mass Index (BMI) \< 30 kg/m2 * Intraoperative blood loss less than 300 ml * No severe cardiac or pulmonary dysfunction \[first-second forced vital capacity (FEV1%) predicted value\] \> 50%, ejection fraction (EF) \> 50% * No contraindications related to paravertebral nerve block and intercostal nerve block * Able to sign the informed consent form and possess communication, reading and writing abilities * Postoperative hospital stay of at least one day * No preoperative sleep disorders, no cognitive dysfunction (PSQI ≤ 10 points, PCS ≤ 38 points, MMSE \> 27 points) Exclusion Criteria: * Already diagnosed with a mental disorder or had a preoperative Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of less than 27 * History of opioid abuse * Patients who were admitted to the ICU after surgery * Have severe cardiovascular, respiratory diseases * Experienced critical rescue during or after the surgery * Complicated with coagulation dysfunction, severe hypoxia or hypercapnia, or liver and kidney dysfunction * Difficult airway management * Changed anesthetic agent or surgical plan * Severe lacunar cerebral infarction, ischemic stroke or other neurological diseases * Changed anesthetic agent or surgical plan during the surgery;