The goal of this study is to establish if non-invasive closed-loop neuromodulation is an effective approach to enhance cognitive function in healthy 18-40 years old volunteers. The main questions it aims to answer are: * Can closed-loop stimulation increase stimulation effectiveness? * Can closed-loop focused ultrasound specifically engage with excitatory or inhibitory neural populations in the target structure as measured through MRS? * Can observed stimulation outcomes for FUS be predicted through connectome analysis and computational models of indirect changes? Researchers will compare different closed-loop options to their open-loop counterpart to see if closed-loop approaches can increase efficacy and reduce the variability of the stimulation compared to open-loop approaches. Participants will: * Answer some questionnaires at the start of the study and after each intervention session. * Undertake a MRI scanning session. * Undertake one open-loop FUS session. * Undertake one tES session. * Undertake one closed-loop FUS sessions involving tES and FUS, followed by a MRI scanning * Undertake one sham FUS session * Attend one visit in person to assess eligibility through questionnaires and one cognitive task
Age range
18 Years – 40 Years
Sex
ALL
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Generated to help you prepare — always confirm anything about your own eligibility and care with the study team and your doctor.
The trial coordinator is the person who runs the study day to day. These cover the practical side — logistics, costs, and what taking part would actually mean for your life. The study team confirms whether you meet the criteria; these are questions to ask, not a sign you qualify.
A starting point for the conversation — always confirm anything about your own eligibility, costs, and care with the study team and your doctor.
Change from Baseline in EEG Power in Alpha Band (8-12Hz)
Timeframe: Baseline to 10 weeks, measured immediately before, during, and immediately after stimulation
Change from Baseline in EEG Power in Theta Band (4-7Hz)
Timeframe: Baseline to 10 weeks, measured immediately before, during, and immediately after stimulation
Change from Baseline in EEG Power in Beta Band (13-30Hz)
Timeframe: Baseline to 10 weeks, measured immediately before, during, and immediately after stimulation
Change from Baseline in EEG Power in Gamma Band (31-45Hz)
Timeframe: Baseline to 10 weeks, measured immediately before, during, and immediately after stimulation
Changes from Baseline in EEG-derived spectral power
Timeframe: Baseline to 10 weeks, measured immediately before, during, and immediately after stimulation
Changes from Baseline in Functional connectivity (e.g., through changes in Phase-locked value (PLV))
Timeframe: Baseline to 10 weeks, measured immediately before, during, and immediately after stimulation
Average Reaction time (ms) measured from the Visual Working memory task
Timeframe: Baseline to 10 weeks, measured immediately before, during, and immediately after stimulation
Average Overall accuracy (%) measured from Visual Working Memory task
Timeframe: Baseline to 10 weeks, measured immediately before, during, and immediately after stimulation
Change from Baseline in Target-Region metabolite Concentration measured via Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to immediately after closed-loop post-stimulation intervention
Changes from Baseline in Functional Connectivity calculated from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to immediately after closed-loop post-stimulation intervention
Changes from Baseline on Structural connectivity metrics derived from multi-shell diffusion MRI (dMRI) tractography
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1) to immediately after closed-loop post-stimulation intervention