Virtual Reality-Based Mirror Therapy and FES-Cycling in Stroke Rehabilitation

Inclusion Criteria: * Age older than 18 years * First-ever stroke * Unilateral hemiplegia * Time since stroke onset ≤6 months * Upper extremity Brunnstrom recovery stage between 1 and 4 * Modified Ashworth Scale score \<3 in the affected upper extremity * Ability to maintain sufficient sitting balance Exclusion Criteria: * Visual impairment * Contraindication to electrical stimulation, including cardiac pacemaker implantation * Cognitive impairment (Mini-Mental State Examination score \<25) * Severe aphasia preventing completion of clinical assessments * Presence of additional neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, neuromuscular junction disorders, motor neuron disease, or peripheral nerve lesions * Neglect syndrome * Orthopedic conditions affecting upper extremity function, including amputation or joint contracture * Severe cardiac disease * Uncontrolled hypertension * Epilepsy * Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder * Pregnancy or suspected pregnancy * Acute deep vein thrombosis or thrombophlebitis * Local infection at the treatment site