The goal of this observational study is to characterize autonomic, neuroendocrine, and peripheral neurochemical responses to maximal rowing exercise and early recovery in highly trained male athletes. The main questions it aims to answer are: * How do circulating concentrations of cortisol, testosterone, dopamine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio change in response to maximal rowing exercise and during the first hour of recovery? * How do autonomic cardiovascular parameters, including heart rate variability, blood pressure variability, and baroreflex sensitivity, change 3 hours after maximal exercise compared with baseline values? * Do endocrine, peripheral neurochemical, and autonomic responses demonstrate similar or divergent recovery patterns following maximal exercise? Participants will: * Perform a maximal 6,000-m rowing ergometer test. * Undergo venous blood sampling before exercise, immediately after exercise, and 1 hour after exercise recovery for assessment of endocrine and peripheral neurochemical markers. * Undergo noninvasive cardiovascular and autonomic assessment using the Task Force Monitor System before exercise and 3 hours after exercise recovery.
Age range
19 Years – 24 Years
Sex
ALL
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Change from baseline in serum cortisol concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum testosterone concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (T/C)
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum dopamine concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum serotonin concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in systolic blood pressure (sBP)
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test) and after 3 hours of recovery.
Change from baseline in diastolic blood pressure (dBP)
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test) and after 3 hours of recovery.
Change from baseline in mean blood pressure (mBP)
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test) and after 3 hours of recovery
Change from baseline in heart rate (HR)
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test) and after 3 hours of recovery
Change from baseline in total power spectral density of RR intervals (PSD-RRI)
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test) and after 3 hours of recovery.
Change from baseline in low-frequency power of RR intervals (LF-RRI)
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test) and after 3 hours of recovery.
Change from baseline in high-frequency power of RR intervals (HF-RRI)
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test) and after 3 hours of recovery.
Change from baseline in LF/HF ratio
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test) and after 3 hours of recovery.
Change from baseline in baroreflex sensitivity (BRS)
Timeframe: At rest (before thercisee ex test) and after 3 hours of recovery.
Change from baseline in baroreflex effectiveness index (BEI)
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test) and after 3 hours of recovery.