The goal of this observational study is to compare the clinical outcomes, safety, and patient satisfaction of endoscopic versus conventional open surgical techniques in adult male patients undergoing surgery for gynecomastia.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
* Does endoscopic gynecomastia surgery provide better aesthetic outcomes and patient satisfaction compared with conventional open surgery?
* Does endoscopic surgery reduce postoperative complications, sensory changes of the nipple-areola complex, and visible scarring compared with conventional open surgery?
Researchers will compare patients undergoing endoscopic nipple-areola complex-preserving mastectomy with patients undergoing conventional open nipple-areola complex-preserving mastectomy to evaluate differences in surgical outcomes, complications, cosmetic results, and quality of life.
Participants will:
* Undergo gynecomastia surgery as part of their routine clinical care using either an endoscopic or conventional open technique.
* Attend routine postoperative follow-up visits for up to 12 months.
* Complete patient-reported outcome assessments, including pain and satisfaction questionnaires.
* Undergo evaluation of scar quality, nipple-areola complex sensation, and postoperative complications during follow-up.
Who can participate
Age range
18 Years – 60 Years
Sex
MALE
See this in plain English?
AI-rewrites the medical criteria so a patient or caregiver can understand them. Always confirm with the trial site.
Inclusion Criteria:
* Male patients aged 18 to 60 years.
* Clinically and/or ultrasonographically confirmed primary gynecomastia with palpable glandular tissue ≥2 cm.
* Simon Grade II or Grade III gynecomastia.
* Patients requesting surgical treatment because of cosmetic and/or psychosocial concerns.
* Eligible for either endoscopic or conventional open nipple-areola complex-preserving mastectomy according to routine clinical practice.
* Ability to provide written informed consent.
* Willingness and ability to comply with the 12-month follow-up schedule.
Exclusion Criteria:
* Secondary gynecomastia caused by endocrine disorders, medications, hypogonadism, thyroid disease, or suspected malignancy.
* Pseudogynecomastia (lipomastia without glandular proliferation).
* Age younger than 18 years or older than 60 years.
* Severe uncontrolled comorbidities that may increase surgical risk.
* Previous chest or breast surgery, chest irradiation, or significant chest trauma.
* Active infection or coagulation disorder.
* Immunodeficiency disorders.
* Inability to provide informed consent.
* Inability to complete the planned follow-up period.
Questions worth asking your doctor
Bring these to your next appointment. They're a starting point for a shared conversation — not a sign you qualify or a recommendation to enrol.
1Based on my diagnosis and history, is this trial worth exploring for me — or is there a standard treatment we should try first?
2What does this trial's phase tell us about how much is already known about its safety and benefit?
3What would taking part actually involve for me — visits, tests, time, and travel?
4What are the known and possible risks or side effects I should weigh, and how would they be monitored?
5If this trial isn't the right fit, what other options or trials would you suggest I look into?
Generated to help you prepare — always confirm anything about your own eligibility and care with the study team and your doctor.
Questions for the trial coordinator
The trial coordinator is the person who runs the study day to day. These cover the practical side — logistics, costs, and what taking part would actually mean for your life. The study team confirms whether you meet the criteria; these are questions to ask, not a sign you qualify.
1What does taking part actually involve week to week — how many visits, where, and how long does each one take?
2What costs are covered by the study, and what might I have to pay for myself, including travel, parking, or time off work?
3What happens during screening, and what happens if the study team confirms I don't meet the criteria after those tests?
4Who pays for the scans, blood work, and other tests the trial requires — the study, my insurance, or me?
5How will being in the trial affect my regular care, and will my own doctor stay informed and involved?
6Can I leave the trial at any point if I change my mind, and what would happen to my care if I do?
A starting point for the conversation — always confirm anything about your own eligibility, costs, and care with the study team and your doctor.
What they're measuring
1
Patient Satisfaction
Timeframe: From enrollment through the 12-month follow-up period
2
Overall Postoperative Complication Rate
Timeframe: From enrollment through the 12-month follow-up period