This study aims to evaluate whether eating biscuits made with mature okra flour can help young adults feel fuller (enhance satiety) and change certain blood markers compared to eating standard biscuits. Mature okra is a nutrient-dense agricultural by-product that is often discarded due to its tough texture. For this study, mature okra pods are dried and ground into a flour, which is then used to replace 10% of the wheat flour in a custom biscuit formulation. Participants will take part in a single-blind, randomised trial where they will consume either the okra-incorporated biscuits or the standard control biscuits on separate occasions. Researchers will measure participants' perceived fullness over 165 minutes using a visual rating scale. Blood samples will also be collected at specific intervals during this time to evaluate blood glucose levels, appetite-related hormones, and metabolic responses.
Age range
18 Years – 39 Years
Sex
ALL
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Satiety Response
Timeframe: Baseline (0 minutes) and post-consumption at 15, 45, 75, 105, 135, and 165 minutes
Change in Plasma Insulin Concentration
Timeframe: Fasting state (0 minutes), 75 minutes, and 165 minutes post-consumption
Change in Active Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Concentration
Timeframe: Fasting state (0 minutes), 75 minutes, and 165 minutes post-consumption
Change in Plasma Peptide YY (PYY3-36) Concentration
Timeframe: Fasting state (0 minutes), 75 minutes, and 165 minutes post-consumption
Change in Plasma Cholecystokinin (CCK) Concentration
Timeframe: Fasting state (0 minutes), 75 minutes, and 165 minutes post-consumption
Change in Active Ghrelin Concentration
Timeframe: Fasting state (0 minutes), 75 minutes, and 165 minutes post-consumption
Changes in Metabolite Profiles
Timeframe: Fasting state (0 minutes) and 165 minutes post-consumption