This observational study aims to evaluate multilevel physiological, molecular, metabolic, intestinal, immunological, and psychophysiological responses to rowing-specific exercise in elite rowers. The study is designed to investigate how maximal and prolonged rowing ergometer exercise influences integrated adaptive mechanisms related to mitochondrial function, metabolic regulation, intestinal permeability, immune activation, DNA damage response, and psychological status. Thirty members of the Polish Youth National Rowing Team, aged 19-24 years, will participate in the study during two different training periods. During the competitive phase, participants will perform a 2000-m maximal rowing ergometer test, whereas during the preparatory phase they will complete a 6000-m rowing ergometer test. Blood samples and physiological measurements will be collected before exercise, immediately after exercise, and after 1 hour of recovery. The study will assess gene expression, circulating biomarkers, flow cytometry parameters, blood morphology, lactate concentration, continuous glucose monitoring data, wearable metabolic sensor measurements, nutritional status, and psychological responses. The primary objective is to identify integrated biomarkers reflecting exercise load, recovery dynamics, and adaptive capacity in highly trained athletes. The study also aims to improve understanding of the interaction between metabolic, mitochondrial, intestinal, immunological, and psychophysiological responses to intensive exercise in rowing.
Age range
19 Years – 24 Years
Sex
ALL
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The trial coordinator is the person who runs the study day to day. These cover the practical side — logistics, costs, and what taking part would actually mean for your life. The study team confirms whether you meet the criteria; these are questions to ask, not a sign you qualify.
A starting point for the conversation — always confirm anything about your own eligibility, costs, and care with the study team and your doctor.
Changes from baseline in PPARGC1A (PGC-1α) gene expression
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in TFAM gene expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in PRKAA1 (AMPKα1) gene expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in SOD2 gene expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum apelin concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum myonectin (CTRP15) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum insulin concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum glucagon concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum fetuin-A concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum myoglobin concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in STAT3 gene expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in SOCS3 gene expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in PCK1 gene expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in SLC2A4 (GLUT4) gene expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in plasma lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum soluble CD14 (sCD14) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, and after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum soluble toll-like receptor 4 (sTLR4) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum soluble toll-like receptor 2 (sTLR2) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in TLR4 gene expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in TLR2 gene expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in TLR4-positive monocyte expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in TLR2-positive monocyte expression
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum nucleosome concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in serum high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in number of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in APE1/APEX1 protein concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Change from baseline in poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) concentration
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in CDKN1A (p21) gene expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in GADD45A gene expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in APEX1 gene expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.
Changes from baseline in PARP1 gene expression.
Timeframe: At rest (before the exercise test), immediately after the end of the test, after 1 hour of recovery.