Comparative Evaluation of Transdermal and Oral Drugs for Management of Post-Endodontic Pain

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged 18 to 60 years * Patients diagnosed with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis or symptomatic apical periodontitis * Multi-rooted teeth indicated for single-visit root canal treatment * Patients experiencing moderate to severe preoperative pain * Systemically healthy individuals * Patients willing to participate and comply with follow up protocol Exclusion Criteria: * Patients with a known history of hypersensitivity or adverse reactions to diclofenac, ketoprofen, or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including reactions such as bronchospasm, shock, or urticaria, were excluded from the study. * Individuals with a history of active gastric or duodenal ulceration within the previous six months were not included. * Patients who were currently receiving NSAIDs or corticosteroid therapy during the study period were excluded. * Participants with a medical history of systemic conditions such as bronchial asthma, epilepsy, inflammatory bowel disease, severe hepatic or renal impairment, dengue fever, or any psychological or psychiatric disorders were not considered eligible for inclusion. * Pregnant and lactating women were excluded from the study. * Patients with a history of antibiotic use during the study period were also excluded.