Subcostal Transversus Abdominis Plane Block

Inclusion Criteria: * individuals aged 18 years or older, scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy to treat cholelithiasis, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status of I or II, with no communication barriers, able to cooperate during the intervention, and understanding the use of relevant assessment scales Exclusion Criteria: * individuals with contraindications to nerve block, such as infection at the puncture site; those diagnosed with malignancy; individuals suffering from severe liver and kidney diseases, coagulation dysfunction, or similar conditions; individuals with a history of previous abdominal surgery or trauma; long-term users of sedative and analgesic drugs, or those with addiction to alcohol, sedatives, or analgesics; individuals experiencing chronic pain; those with known allergies to the drugs used in the study; individuals with mental illnesses that interfere with perception and pain assessment; individuals taking analgesics prior to surgery; individuals with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35; patients who were converted from laparoscopic surgery to open surgery; perforation of the gallbladder during cholecystectomy; women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, and patients who withdrew their consent at any stage of the study.