Feasibility and Effects of Inspiratory Muscle Training Combined With Blood Flow Restriction for Frail Older Adults

Inclusion Criteria: * Community-dwelling adults aged 65 years and older who are classified as at least "vulnerable" using the Clinical Frailty Scale (score ≥4). * Participants must have no cognitive impairment and be able to follow commands, as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Exclusion Criteria: * (1) are unable to participate in exercise (e.g., due to severe musculoskeletal disorders) * (2) have high-risk factors for exercise, such as uncontrolled hypertension (\>150 mmHg systolic blood pressure (SBP) / \>90 mmHg diastolic blood pressure (DBP), coagulation disorders, and deep venous thrombosis * (3) have hematological disorders or are using hematology related-medications * (4) have significant comorbidities, including a history of stroke, diabetes with severe complications, or cardiovascular diseases * (5) chronic lung conditions (e.g., obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma), and * (6) have participated in a structured exercise training program within the past 3 months at a frequency exceeding three sessions per week.