Task-Oriented Upper Limb Training With Focal Vibration in Stroke

Inclusion Criteria: * Individuals diagnosed with stroke at least 3 months prior * Individuals with sufficient cognitive function (Mini-Mental State Examination \[MMSE\] score ≥ 24) * Individuals able to maintain a seated position independently and perform upper limb functional tasks (Trunk Control Test \[TCT\] ≥ 50) * Individuals with muscle tone of the affected upper limb of Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) Grade ≤ 2 * Individuals with Fugl-Meyer Assessment-Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) scores between 20 and 50 * Individuals able to grasp and move objects with the affected upper limb and with muscle strength of Manual Muscle Test (MMT) Grade ≥ 3 * Individuals with impaired proprioception in the affected hand (defined as a score \< 2 on the wrist or thumb position item of the FMA-UE) Exclusion Criteria: * Individuals within 3 months after stroke onset * Individuals with fractures, severe soft tissue injuries, or contraindications to focal vibration * Individuals with severe sensory hypersensitivity or complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) * Individuals who received treatments affecting upper limb function within the past 3 months (e.g., botulinum toxin injection, surgery, nerve block)