The Effects of an Online Family Psychoeducation Program on Expressed Emotion of Family Members and Medication Adherence of Patients With First-Episode Schizophrenia

Inclusion criteria for patients were: * a diagnosis of schizophrenia according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision ICD-10 (F20.00 to F20.09), with a duration of illness not exceeding five years from the date of initial diagnosis * received oral antipsychotic treatment for at least 6 months but no longer than five years * aged between 18 to 35 years. * mild psychotic symptoms severity, defined as a total score of 18 to 36 on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) * documented history of medication non-adherence, as recorded in medical records * availability of a primary caregiver and * ability to communicate in Thai and via telephone using the LINE application Inclusion criteria for family members were: * being a family member living in the same household as the patients and serving as the primary caregiver for at least six months without financial compensation * Aged 20 to 60 years * ownership of a mobile phone capable of using the LINE application * no prior participation in family psychoeducation programs * ability to speak, read, and write Thai * no history of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder. Exclusion criteria for both patients and caregivers were: * acute exacerbation of psychotic symptoms requiring hospitalization during the study period * missing one or more scheduled intervention sessions * inability of the researcher to contact the family caregiver within one week despit…