Pulsed field ablation (PFA) has demonstrated favorable safety and efficacy in atrial fibrillation ablation, particularly for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). However, the optimal PFA-based ablation strategy for non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation remains uncertain. In addition to anatomical lesion sets such as PVI and posterior wall isolation (PWI), Electrogram Mapping of Key Substrates may allow identification of residual arrhythmogenic areas that contribute to the maintenance of atrial fibrillation. In the investigators' previously completed single-center cohort study, adjunctive ablation targeting key substrates identified by electrogram mapping on top of PVI+PWI was feasible and associated with improved rhythm outcomes. This prospective multicenter randomized controlled study is designed to compare PFA-based PVI+PWI alone versus PVI+PWI plus adjunctive ablation guided by Electrogram Mapping of Key Substrates in patients with non-paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, in order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this strategy in a broader and more rigorous clinical setting.
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freedom from any AF/AT
Timeframe: freedom from any AF/AT at 3 months, 6 months, 12 months and 36 months respectively after the procedure; adverse events occurring within 30 days of the index or reassessment procedures.
composite of major safety events
Timeframe: adverse events occurring within 30 days of the index or reassessment procedures.