Effectiveness of Sacral Massage on Labor Pain, Depression, Stress, and Anxiety

Inclusion Criteria: * 15-45-year-old primiparous pregnant women * singleton pregnancies between 38-42 weeks * pregnant women whose labor began spontaneously * pregnant women with a healthy fetus * pregnant women without any complications that may cause dystocia during labor * pregnant women for whom analgesia and anesthesia were not used during the first phase of labor * pregnant women who volunteered to participate in the research and who could establish verbal communication. Exclusion Criteria: * pregnant women with high-risk pregnancies * caesarean section indication * pregnant women with a chronic illnesses