Analgesic Equivalence of NSAIDs and Tramadol in Acute Postoperative Pain Following Minimally Invasive Surgery

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18-55 years * ASA physical status I or II * Body mass index 18.5-34.99 kg/m² * Scheduled for elective minimally invasive surgery under balanced general anaesthesia * Pre-surgical pain NRS = 0 and VRS = "absence" at baseline assessment Exclusion Criteria: * Pregnancy * Known hypersensitivity to any study drug (tramadol, ketorolac, or diclofenac) * Pre-existing acute pain with NRS ≥ 4 or VRS ≥ "moderate" before surgery * Chronic pain with current analgesic use * Withdrawal of consent before premedication administration * Surgical duration exceeding 180 minutes * Conversion from laparoscopic to open surgical approach * Hypersensitivity reaction during study drug administration * Haemodynamic shock of any aetiology during the perioperative period * Requirement for postoperative mechanical ventilation due to anaesthetic-surgical complications