Individualized Surgical Guidance in HCC-BDTT

Inclusion Criteria: * Pathologically confirmed HCC with BDTT; * Absence of extrahepatic malignancies at the time of HCC diagnosis; * Undergone R0 curative hepatectomy; * No prior antitumor therapies, such as chemotherapy or immunotherapy, before surgery; * Availability of preoperative imaging (CT or MRI) with standardized tumor evaluation. Exclusion Criteria: * Pathological findings indicating concurrent cholangiocarcinoma and HCC; * Loss to follow-up, preventing outcome evaluation, or insufficient clinical data for analysis. * Significant comorbidities (e.g., severe cardiac or renal failure) that could affect surgical outcomes.