Study on Portal Vein Pressure Gradient Measurement Under Endoscopic Ultrasound Guidance for Gastric Fundal Varices

Inclusion Criteria: * (1) age≥18 years; (2) hospitalized patients with a confirmed diagnosis of cirrhosis with gastric varices and large spontaneous shunts based on clinical, laboratory, and imaging findings; and (3) provided written informed consent for all diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Exclusion Criteria: * (1) significant coagulopathy, defined as an international normalized ratio (INR) \> 1.5; (2) severe thrombocytopenia (platelet counts \< 20×10\^9/L); (3) presence of severe systemic comorbidities, such as active sepsis, decompensated heart failure, or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; (4) psychiatric disorders precluding procedure cooperation; (5) concurrent malignant tumors; or (6) refusal to undergo hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) or endoscopic ultrasound-guided portal pressure gradient (EUS-PPG) measurement.