Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Erythropoiesis in Heart Failure

Inclusion Criteria: * Diagnosis of chronic heart failure * Receiving guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure for at least 3 months prior to inclusion * Age ≥18 years Exclusion Criteria: * Incomplete or missing data in electronic medical records * Acute cardiac event within 3 months prior to baseline * Active malignancy or hematological disease affecting erythropoiesis * Use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents or regular erythrocyte transfusions during the observation period * Severe renal insufficiency (eGFR \<15 mL/min/1.73m²) * Severe liver insufficiency (AST/ALT \>3× upper limit of normal, bilirubin \>2× upper limit of normal) * Known allergy to any SGLT2 inhibitor component * Pregnancy or breastfeeding