Background: Immunosenescence is an age-related decline in immune function, associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, increased morbidity, and functional impairment in older adults. Aerobic exercise has been proposed as an effective non-pharmacological strategy to counteract these alterations; however, evidence from randomized-controlled trials (RCTs), particularly in institutionalized elderly populations, remains scarce and methodologically limited. Objective: This study protocol aims to investigate the effects of short- and medium-term aerobic exercise programs on immunosenescence in institutionalized older adults, as well as to analyze the impact of a detraining period and a subsequent reintervention. Methods: A stratified RCT will be conducted with institutionalized adults aged ≥60 years, randomly allocated to an aerobic exercise group or a control group. The intervention consists of a supervised 12-week moderate-intensity aerobic exercise program (three sessions/week), followed by a 4-week detraining period and a 4-week reintervention. Assessments will be performed at five time points. Primary outcomes include immunological and analytical parameters assessed by spectral flow cytometry and multiplex cytokine analysis. Secondary outcomes include anthropometry, functional capacity, hemodynamic parameters, heart rate variability, and psychological indicators. Expected Results: Aerobic exercise is expected to induce favorable immunological adaptations, partially reverse immunosenescence, and improve functional and psychosocial outcomes.
Age range
60 Years
Sex
ALL
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The trial coordinator is the person who runs the study day to day. These cover the practical side — logistics, costs, and what taking part would actually mean for your life. The study team confirms whether you meet the criteria; these are questions to ask, not a sign you qualify.
A starting point for the conversation — always confirm anything about your own eligibility, costs, and care with the study team and your doctor.
Sodium
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Potassium
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Chloride
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Calcium
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Phosphorus
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Magnesium
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Total bilirubin
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Direct bilirubin
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Alkaline phosphatase
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Total cholesterol
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
HDL cholesterol
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
LDL cholesterol
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Triglycerides
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Amylase
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Urea
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Creatinine
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Uric acid
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Total proteins
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Albumin
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Glucose
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Creatine kinase (CK)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Red blood cell count
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Haemoglobin
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Haematocrit
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
White blood cell count
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Platelet count
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Natural killer (NK) cell count
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
CD3+ T cell count
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
CD4+ T cell count
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
CD8+ T cell count
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
B cell count
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β)
Timeframe: Baseline (T0); After 6 weeks of intervention (T6); After 12 weeks of intervention (T12); After 4 week detraining (T16); After 4 weeks re-intervention (T20)