Comparative Effects of Balance and Inspiratory Muscle Training in Older Adults

Inclusion Criteria: * Aged 60 years or older. * Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of 22 or higher. * Ability to walk 10 meters independently without human assistance. * Ability to read and write. * Volunteering to participate and providing written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Current use of sedative or hypnotic medications. * Presence of a diagnosed neurological disorder (e.g., history of stroke, Parkinson's disease, Multiple Sclerosis, dementia, or clinical vertigo) that is currently under treatment. * Presence of clinically significant cardiovascular or pulmonary complications (e.g., COPD, active lung disease, or uncontrolled hypertension). * Severe postural abnormalities that may interfere with the study (e.g., advanced scoliosis or kyphosis). * Acute or chronic orthopedic conditions preventing participation in a balance exercise program (e.g., lower extremity fractures or severe joint instability). * High risk of sarcopenia, defined as a SARC-F score of 4 or higher. * Significant communication or cognitive barriers that prevent following the exercise instructions.