The prospective 5-month follow-up study will involve 150 mother-infant dyads grouped based on maternal baseline BMI category (normal weight, overweight, obesity). The investigators plan 3 study visits (1, 3, and 6 months postpartum) with analysis the following parameters and outcomes: 1. maternal anthropometry and body composition; 2. maternal dietary intake and dietary patterns (with results of biomarker-based validation); 3. maternal status of lipophilic antioxidants, selected vitamins, and fatty acids profile that may be related to adipose tissue metabolism, inflammation, and cardiometabolic status; 4. maternal metabolomics, adipokines, insulin, selected biomarkers of inflammation, altered glucose metabolism, and oxidation; 5. breastmilk composition assessed by systemic approach (macronutrients, fatty acids profile, lipophilic antioxidants, adipokines, hormones, immunological profile, and preliminary lipidomic analysis in part of the study group); 6. infant growth trajectory, body composition, urine metabolomics, and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Additionally, maternal and infant stool, buccal swabs, and human milk samples will be banked for further microbiome analysis studies.
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Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in maternal body fat percentage
Timeframe: 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in maternal fat-free mass percentage
Timeframe: 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in maternal Visceral Fat Area
Timeframe: 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in maternal Subcutaneous Fat Area
Timeframe: 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in maternal Body Mass Index (BMI)
Timeframe: 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in maternal Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR)
Timeframe: 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in maternal Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR)
Timeframe: 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum
Monika A. Zielinska-Pukos, PhD
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in metabolic syndrome (MetS) incidence
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in maternal glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in Homeostatic Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in maternal serum leptin
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in maternal serum adiponectin
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in maternal serum and infant urine Retinol-Binding Protein-4 (RBP4)
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in human milk macronutrients
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months of postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in human milk energy value
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months of postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in human milk secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA)
Timeframe: 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in human milk lactoferrin
Timeframe: 1, 3, and 6 months postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in human milk leptin
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months of postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in human milk adiponectin
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months of postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in human milk insulin
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months of postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in human milk High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP)
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months of postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in human milk interleukin 1 (IL-1)
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months of postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in human milk interleukin 6 (IL-6)
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months of postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in human milk Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-alfa)
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months of postpartum
Difference between groups and change from 1 to 6 months postpartum in human milk fatty acid profile
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months of postpartum
Difference between groups and the change from 1 to 6 months of life in infant anthropometric development
Timeframe: 1, 3, 6 months of life
Difference between groups and the change from 1 to 6 months of life in infant body fat-free mass percentage
Timeframe: 1, 6 months of life
Difference between groups and the change from 1 to 6 months of life in infant body fat percentage
Timeframe: 1, 6 months of life