Observational Clinical Study on the Association Between Lactate-mediated Gut Microbiota Alterations and Disease Progression in Liver Cirrhosis.

Inclusion Criteria: \- 1. Healthy individuals without a history of liver disease or related underlying disorders; or patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and its complications based on imaging and/or liver biopsy, with a history of chronic liver disease for more than 6 months. Etiologies include chronic hepatitis B virus infection, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and alcoholic liver disease, among others. 2\. Willing to participate in this study and able to provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * 1\. A history of severe organic diseases involving the liver, gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, or other organ systems; malignant tumors; or autoimmune diseases. 2\. Patients with acute infection or inflammatory diseases within the past 1 month. 3\. Pregnant or breastfeeding women.