Magnesium vs. Dexmedetomidine in TURBT Under Spinal Anesthesia

Inclusion Criteria: Age between 18 and 85 years. Classified as ASA physical status I, II, or III according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Patients scheduled for elective transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-M) under spinal anesthesia. Exclusion Criteria: Patients under 18 years or over 85 years of age. Contraindications to spinal anesthesia (e.g., infection at puncture site, coagulopathy). History or current diagnosis of significant cardiac arrhythmia. Known allergy or contraindication to the study drugs (magnesium sulfate or dexmedetomidine). Patients requiring conversion to general anesthesia due to inadequate spinal anesthesia intraoperatively. Mental retardation, cognitive impairment, or communication difficulties that prevent understanding of study procedures or pain assessment. Patients who refuse to participate in the study. \-