People tend to regulate intake by the weight of food rather than its energy content, making energy dense foods, especially those combining salty, fatty, and umami tastes, more likely to promote passive overconsumption. Lowering energy density can reduce daily energy intake, but often decreases palatability, whereas umami can enhance palatability, and sometimes decrease food intake. This suggests that adding umami to a regular energy dense diet could reduce food intake over time, and that adding umami to a reduced energy dense diet could sustain palatability and limit compensatory energy intake. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the effect of a 2-week dietary intervention of adding umami and/or lowering energy density on food intake. Secondary objectives are whether adding umami and/or lowering energy density affect dietary satisfaction, appetite, perceived umami intensity, food preference and cravings, bodyweight and composition, and wellbeing ratings. This will assessed in a double-blind crossover, randomized controlled trial of three times two weeks, each separated by two weeks washout in 33 healthy Dutch adults between 18-65 years of age, with a BMI between 20-30. Umami taste will be added through MSG supplementation of the three main meals. Supplementation will depend on both intervention group, and individual participants' body weight. Energy density will be lowered by swapping regular products for low-fat, low-sugar or higher water products. The three intervention diets will vary in umami taste intensity, and/or energy density: 1) regular energy density without added umami (control), 2) regular energy density with added umami, 3) reduced energy density with added umami. Umami will be supplemented by supplementing food items with 55-60 mg MSG per kg bodyweight daily, divided over three eating occasions. Foods will be offered ad libitum, and participants will add a seasoning sachet containing MSG to their selected portion. The primary objective will be to compare average daily food intake (kcal) over two weeks between the three dietary interventions differing in umami taste intensity and energy density. Secondary outcomes are dietary satisfaction, appetite, perceived umami intensity, food preference and cravings, bodyweight and composition, and wellbeing ratings.
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Food intake (kcal)
Timeframe: From start to end of each intervention (day 1-14, day 29-42 and day 57-72).