CompletedNot Applicable

Digital Scaffolding for Self-Regulation: Using WhatsApp Reminders to Improve Sport Self-Efficacy in University Students

Turkey (Türkiye)22 participantsStarted 2026-01-01

Plain-language summary

The goal of this clinical trial is to learn whether a self-regulation strategy called Mental Contrasting with Implementation Intentions (MCII) can improve university students' confidence in participating in tennis training. The study also examines whether adding WhatsApp reminder messages makes the strategy more effective. The main questions it aims to answer are: Does using MCII help students feel more confident about joining and continuing tennis training? Do WhatsApp reminders increase the effect of MCII on sport self-efficacy? Researchers compared two groups. One group used the MCII strategy alone, while the other group used MCII together with reminder messages sent through WhatsApp. Participants were university students who were already enrolled in a tennis training program. Participants: Completed a questionnaire about their self-efficacy before the study started Took part in a four-week intervention during regular tennis training sessions Completed MCII planning exercises before training sessions Received WhatsApp reminders before sessions if assigned to the reminder group Completed the same questionnaire again after the intervention The study aims to better understand how simple digital reminders may support self-regulation and improve students' confidence to continue participating in sports.

Who can participate

Age range

18 Years – 31 Years

Sex

ALL

See this in plain English?

AI-rewrites the medical criteria so a patient or caregiver can understand them. Always confirm with the trial site.

Inclusion Criteria: * Registered member of a university tennis club * Actively enrolled in a structured tennis training program * Aged 18 years or older * Voluntarily agreed to participate and provided informed consent * Completed baseline assessment procedures Exclusion Criteria: * Did not complete the intervention protocol * Missed posttest assessment * Failed to complete required study measures * Withdrew participation during the study period

Questions worth asking your doctor

Bring these to your next appointment. They're a starting point for a shared conversation — not a sign you qualify or a recommendation to enrol.

1Based on my diagnosis and history, is this trial worth exploring for me — or is there a standard treatment we should try first?
2What does this trial's phase tell us about how much is already known about its safety and benefit?
3What would taking part actually involve for me — visits, tests, time, and travel?
4What are the known and possible risks or side effects I should weigh, and how would they be monitored?
5If this trial isn't the right fit, what other options or trials would you suggest I look into?

Generated to help you prepare — always confirm anything about your own eligibility and care with the study team and your doctor.

Questions for the trial coordinator

The trial coordinator is the person who runs the study day to day. These cover the practical side — logistics, costs, and what taking part would actually mean for your life. The study team confirms whether you meet the criteria; these are questions to ask, not a sign you qualify.

1What does taking part actually involve week to week — how many visits, where, and how long does each one take?
2What costs are covered by the study, and what might I have to pay for myself, including travel, parking, or time off work?
3What happens during screening, and what happens if the study team confirms I don't meet the criteria after those tests?
4Who pays for the scans, blood work, and other tests the trial requires — the study, my insurance, or me?
5How will being in the trial affect my regular care, and will my own doctor stay informed and involved?
6Can I leave the trial at any point if I change my mind, and what would happen to my care if I do?

A starting point for the conversation — always confirm anything about your own eligibility, costs, and care with the study team and your doctor.

What they're measuring

General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) Score

Timeframe: Baseline and immediately after the 4-week intervention

Trial details

NCT IDNCT07427030

SponsorInonu University

Sponsor typeOTHER

Study typeINTERVENTIONAL

Primary completion2026-02-07

View on ClinicalTrials.gov More Self-Efficacy trials