Hydroxyethyl Starch Versus Crystalloid and Postoperative Major Adverse Kidney Complications

Exclusion criteria

• ✕. Emergency surgery;
• ✕. Planned implantation of a durable left ventricular assist device;
• ✕. History of starch allergy or hypersensitivity;
• ✕. History of kidney transplantation;
• ✕. Preoperative end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or requirement for renal replacement therapy (RRT);
• ✕. Preoperative glomerular filtration rate \< 30 mL/min/1.73 m2;
• ✕. Planned intraoperative and postoperative RRT;
• ✕. Preoperative use of mechanical circulatory support devices (e.g., intra-aortic balloon pump, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, etc.);