Ultrasound-Based Prediction of Hemodynamic Instability During CVVHDF Initiation

Inclusion Criteria: * Adult patients (≥18 years) admitted to the intensive care unit * Indication for continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration * Adequate transthoracic echocardiographic image quality * Written informed consent obtained from legal representatives Exclusion Criteria: * Acute coronary syndrome * Severe valvular heart disease or pericardial effusion * Significant arrhythmias interfering with Doppler measurements * Presence of pacemaker, ICD, or ventricular assist device * Poor echocardiographic imaging window * Life expectancy less than 24 hours