Psychosomatic Symptoms in Patients With Myofascial Pain and Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction

Inclusion Criteria: diagnosed patients with myofascial pain and TMD for at least six months based on Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD), Axis I, age between 20 and 60 years, literate and able to comprehend the questionnaire no prior psychological treatment for pain. Exclusion Criteria: age \<20 or \>60 years, low literacy (less than five years of formal education), history of major psychiatric or neurological disorders, diagnosed joint pathologies (e.g., arthritis, disc displacement with reduction), history of migraine or facial trauma, drug dependency and pregnancy or current use of psychotropic medication.