Indirect and Direct Pulp Therapy in Primary Second Molars

Inclusion Criteria: * Systemically healthy children aged 7 to 9 years * Primary second molars with deep dentin caries indicated for vital pulp therapy * Absence of clinical signs or symptoms of irreversible pulpitis * No spontaneous or prolonged pain * Teeth with no tenderness to percussion or palpation * No pathological mobility, swelling, fistula, or abscess * Radiographic findings showing intact lamina dura and normal periodontal ligament space * Absence of periapical or furcation radiolucency * No evidence of pathological internal or external root resorption * Teeth considered restorable * Written informed consent obtained from parents Exclusion Criteria: * Children with systemic diseases or medical conditions affecting healing * Teeth with signs or symptoms of irreversible pulpitis * Presence of spontaneous pain, night pain, or prolonged pain * Teeth with periapical or furcation radiolucency * Teeth with pathological internal or external root resorption * Presence of pulpal calcifications or pulp stones * Non-restorable teeth * Lack of parental consent