Hemoglobin Levels and Resolution Time of Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Pediatric Patients

Inclusion Criteria: * Age between 1 and 18 years * Diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) according to ISPAD criteria * First documented episode of DKA * Availability of hemoglobin measurement obtained within 0-24 hours after biochemical resolution of DKA * Availability of documented timestamps for initiation of DKA treatment and biochemical resolution Exclusion Criteria: * Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) or mixed DKA-HHS presentation * Known hemoglobinopathies (e.g., thalassemia major, sickle cell disease) * Evidence of active hemolysis documented in medical records (e.g., elevated lactate dehydrogenase, indirect hyperbilirubinemia, or low haptoglobin) * Red blood cell transfusion administered before or during the DKA treatment period * Missing hemoglobin measurement within the predefined post-resolution window (0-24 hours)