Flexible bronchoscopy has evolved into a vital diagnostic and therapeutic intervention in respiratory medicine due to its frequent and diverse applications. It enables direct visualization of the tracheobronchial tree and facilitates procedures such as bronchoalveolar lavage, tissue sampling, and foreign body extraction. However, despite its clinical importance, the procedure is associated with patient discomfort due to airway manipulation, hypoxia, coughing and procedural pain. These discomforts can lead to poor patient cooperation, excessive movement, procedure related anxiety and even premature termination of the procedure, consequently affecting diagnostic accuracy and patient safety. Multiple technique has been used should be improved procedural tolerance and adequate sedation is of the prime importance. Sedation during bronchoscopy helps in reducing anxiety, suppressing the cough reflex, minimizing procedural duration and reduce overall complications. An ideal sedative agent should allow quick procedural recovery, ensuring patient comfort, procedural safety and overall diagnostic yield. Sedative agents have dose dependent side effects including bradycardia, hypotension, respiratory depression, hypoxia which may lead to termination of procedure. Higher doses of topical analgesia with lignocaine can lead to seizures and bradycardia. Multiple studies elaborate that addition of analgesia with some dose of sedation can improve patient tolerance and hence safety without additional side effects. Similar findings have reported in gastroenterology and surgery units, where moderate sedation with analgesia not only improved the patient comfort and procedural cooperation but also reduced the peri-procedural anxiety, better patient satisfaction and decreased risk of procedure interruption. Ketorolac tromethamine (Toradol) is a highly effective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with potent analgesic action without inducing respiratory depression. When administered intravenously prior to bronchoscopy, ketorolac may reduce pain, improve comfort, and maintain cardiovascular stability. It has a rapid onset and is generally safe to combine with sedatives such as midazolam. To ensure patient safety, individuals with known contraindications to NSAIDs, including bronchial asthma, are excluded from the present study. This study therefore aims to compare the effects of midazolam alone versus midazolam combined with ketorolac on patient comfort, sedation quality, and safety during flexible bronchoscopy. The results may assist in designing a more effective and patient-friendly sedation strategy for bronchoscopy in Pakistan.
See this in plain English?
AI-rewrites the medical criteria so a patient or caregiver can understand them. Always confirm with the trial site.
Incidence of sedation-related adverse events.
Timeframe: During the procedure and within 30 mints after bronchoscopy.