The study will consist of two phases. In the first phase, the validity and reliability of the CEDAM scales will be assessed in children aged 9-16 years using item analysis, content and construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. In the second phase, the effect of music will be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial involving children aged 9-12 years. The study will employ a three-session design with progressively increasing procedural invasiveness. In the final session, the control group will receive basic behavior guidance, while the intervention group will additionally listen to music during the dental procedure. Perioperative anxiety will be assessed using the Children's Anxiety Meter-State (CAM-S), Children's Emotional Manifestation Scale (CEMS), and CEDAM-8. A conceptual model will be used to examine the relationships between music intervention, preoperative anxiety, intraoperative anxiety, and postoperative anxiety.
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Children's Anxiety Meter-State (CAM-S) Score
Timeframe: Baseline (5 minutes before start of the dental procedure), intra-procedural (immediately after administration of local anesthesia), and post-procedural (5 minutes after completion of the dental procedure)
Children's Emotional Manifestation Scale (CEMS) Score
Timeframe: Periprocedural (from seating in the dental chair to completion of the dental procedure)
Children's Experiences of Dental Anxiety Measure (CEDAM-8) Score
Timeframe: Baseline (5 minutes before start of the dental procedure) and post-procedural (5 minutes after completion of the dental procedure)