The study will consist of two phases. In the first phase, the validity and reliability of the children's experiences of dental anxiety measure (CEDAM) scales will be assessed in children aged 9-16 years using item analysis, content and construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. In the second phase, the effect of music will be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial involving children aged 9-12 years. The study will employ a three-session design with progressively increasing procedural invasiveness. In the final session, the control group will receive basic behavior guidance, while the intervention group will additionally listen to music during the dental procedure. Perioperative anxiety will be assessed using the Children's Anxiety Meter-State (CAM-S), Children's Emotional Manifestation Scale (CEMS), and short version of the CEDAM (CEDAM-8). A conceptual model will be used to examine the relationships between music intervention, preoperative anxiety, intraoperative anxiety, and postoperative anxiety.
Age range
9 Years – 16 Years
Sex
ALL
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The trial coordinator is the person who runs the study day to day. These cover the practical side — logistics, costs, and what taking part would actually mean for your life. The study team confirms whether you meet the criteria; these are questions to ask, not a sign you qualify.
A starting point for the conversation — always confirm anything about your own eligibility, costs, and care with the study team and your doctor.
Children's Anxiety Meter-State (CAM-S) Score
Timeframe: Baseline (5 minutes before start of the dental procedure), intra-procedural (immediately after administration of local anesthesia), and post-procedural (5 minutes after completion of the dental procedure)
Children's Emotional Manifestation Scale (CEMS) Score
Timeframe: Periprocedural (from seating in the dental chair to completion of the dental procedure)
Children's Experiences of Dental Anxiety Measure (CEDAM-8) Score
Timeframe: Baseline (5 minutes before start of the dental procedure) and post-procedural (5 minutes after completion of the dental procedure)