The study will be conducted during the preparatory period of the volleyball players and will span eight weeks. Throughout this period, athletes will continue their regular volleyball training four days per week, while the experimental group (n = 10) will perform rope training with blood flow restriction (BFR) twice per week, and the control group (n = 10) will perform the same rope training without BFR. Assessments will be carried out at the beginning of the 8-week period (pre-test) and at the end of the intervention (post-test). For both groups, all exercises will target the upper-extremity muscle groups. During the study, participants will be instructed to avoid consuming any medications, engaging in additional strenuous physical activities, and using any techniques or ergogenic aids that might influence the results. In both testing sessions, a standardized warm-up protocol will be implemented, consisting of a 5-minute treadmill run at 9 km/h on a Sprint Runner device (Hoggan Health Industries, Draper, UT), followed by 3 minutes of light full-body stretching. This warm-up procedure will be applied consistently across both groups to ensure standardization.
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Muscle Thickness (Ultrasound) - Biceps, Triceps, Brachialis, Antrerior Deltoid, Upper Trapezius, Rectus Abdominis
Timeframe: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Muscle Cross-Sectional Area (CSA) - Biceps, Triceps, Brachialis, Antrerior Deltoid, Upper Trapezius, Rectus Abdominis
Timeframe: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment.
1-Repetition Maximum (1RM) - Bench Press and Triceps Push-Down
Timeframe: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment.
Shoulder Internal/External Rotation Strength
Timeframe: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Hand Grip Strength
Timeframe: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment.
Upper-Body Muscular Endurance - Push-Up, Sit-Up, Pull-Up
Timeframe: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Serve Speed
Timeframe: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Aerobic Intermittent Endurance - Yo-Yo IR1
Timeframe: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Anaerobic Power - Wingate Test
Timeframe: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Perceived Exertion - RPE (Borg 6-20)
Timeframe: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Perceived Discomfort (RPD)
Timeframe: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
Exercise Enjoyment (PACES)
Timeframe: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment
OMNI-RES (Resistance Exercise Perceived Exertion)
Timeframe: From baseline assessment to 8-week follow-up assessment