A Clinical Effectiveness Study of Total Laparoscopic Subcutaneous Gland Resection Combined With Nipple-Areola Complex Lift in the Management of Moderate to Severe Gynecomastia in Males

Inclusion Criteria: (1) Those with bilateral breast development confirmed by preoperative ultrasound examination; (2) For bilateral developed breasts, the preoperative classification according to Simon's system (hereinafter referred to as Simon classification) is all at grade IIA or above. Exclusion Criteria: (1) Benign and malignant tumors of the male breast; (2) Other diseases such as testicular tumors, congenital testicular dysplasia syndrome, hyperthyroidism, liver cirrhosis, primary gonadal hypofunction and oral medications can lead to secondary male breast development; (3) Patients with severe primary diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, liver and kidney diseases, and coagulation disorders are not suitable for anesthesia and surgery; (4) Patients with incomplete clinical case data.