A Biomechanical Study of Collaborative FES on Lower Limb Motor Function in the Elderly

Inclusion Criteria: * Must be aged between 65 and 75 years, inclusive. * Must be community-dwelling. * Must be able to ambulate independently, with or without the use of an assistive device (e.g., a cane or walker). * Must be capable of understanding and following study-related instructions and procedures. * Must provide voluntary written informed consent to participate in the study. Exclusion Criteria: * Diagnosis of a significant neurological disorder, including but not limited to stroke, Parkinson's disease, or multiple sclerosis. * Presence of a severe musculoskeletal condition that would interfere with movement tasks, such as severe osteoarthritis or osteoporosis. * History of lower limb joint replacement surgery within the last 6 months. * Cognitive impairment, as indicated by a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of less than 24. * Presence of any implanted electronic medical device, such as a cardiac pacemaker or defibrillator. * Any skin disease, open wound, infection, or malignancy at the intended sites of electrical stimulation. * Diagnosis of a severe and/or uncontrolled cardiovascular condition (e.g., unstable angina, recent myocardial infarction). * Inability to stand independently without support for at least 3 minutes.