Evaluation of Balance Using the Biodex Balance System Among Different Subcategories of Low Back Pain

Inclusion Criteria: * Diagnosis of chronic low back pain (≥3 months duration) (Ge et al., 2021). Referred from orthopedic surgeons with confirmed diagnosis of lumbar spondylosis, spondylolisthesis or lumber disc prolapse affecting L4-L5 or L5 S1( Hlaing et al., 2020) depending on imaging findings (MRI, CT or X-ray scan within the last 6 months): * Lumbar spondylosis; defined as degenerative disc disease, osteophyte formation with or without facet joint arthropathy (Natarajan et al., 2021; Christe et al., 2020). * Lumbar spondylolisthesis; defined as anterolisthesis of one vertebral body over another, graded via the Meyerding scale (grade 1 or 2) (Giordan et al., 2023; Chuang et al., 2018). * Lumbar disc prolapse; defined as protrusion, herniation of intervertebral disc (Kang et al., 2016; Hahne et al., 2019). * Age of patients ranges from 35 to 55 years (Albeshri, et.al., 2017) * Both genders will be included in the study * Pain intensity: ≥ 4/10 on a numerical pain rating scale (Thong et al., 2011). * BMI ranged from (18.5-29.9 kg/m²) (Karimi et al., 2008; Soliman et al., 2017). * Healthy subjects are healthy volunteers and without any Musculoskeletal disorders (Karimi et al., 2008). Exclusion Criteria: * The following patients will be excluded from the study patients with: * Prior lumbar spine surgery or neurological disorders (e.g., parkinson's, stroke) that may influence balance (soliman et al., 2017). * Fractures of the spine, pelvis o…