\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Background : Major abdominal cancer surgery is among the most invasive procedures, often associated with extensive tissue damage, severe postoperative pain, and delayed recovery. Inadequate pain management can result in adverse physiological responses such as tachycardia, hypertension, prolonged immobility, and extended hospital stay. Moreover, poorly controlled pain may impair immune function and contribute to neuroendocrine, metabolic, gastrointestinal, and cardiopulmonary complications. Therefore, effective analgesia is essential to improve patient outcomes and recovery. Multimodal analgesia has emerged as the gold standard for managing postoperative pain in major abdominal surgery. It integrates regional techniques (such as epidural or intrathecal analgesia), peripheral nerve blocks (e.g., transversus abdominis plane block), systemic opioids, and non-opioid agents including NSAIDs and acetaminophen. This approach minimizes surgical stress, maintains hemodynamic stability, and facilitates early ambulation and discharge. Opioids, particularly fentanyl, are widely used as intrathecal adjuvants due to their rapid onset and favorable analgesic profile. However, selective alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists such as clonidine and dexmedetomidine are gaining attention for their sedative, analgesic, sympatholytic, and hemodynamic-stabilizing effects. Administered intrathecally, epidurally, or intravenously, they can enhance analgesia while reducing anesthetic requirements without causing profound sedation. Conventional monitoring with heart rate and non-invasive blood pressure may overlook subtle variations in cardiac output. Electrical cardiometry (ICON®) provides continuous, non-invasive, beat-to-beat measurement of cardiac parameters and has been validated across different patient groups. Accordingly, the present study aims to compare intravenous dexmedetomidine and fentanyl as adjuvants to general anesthesia, focusing on their effects on hemodynamics and cardiac function in major abdominal cancer surgery using electrical cardiometry.
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cardiac output (CO)
Timeframe: 24 hour postoperative