Immunometabolism of Exercise

Inclusion Criteria: * Men and women, aged 20-40 years * individuals presenting with average (40th-60th percentile) cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., VO2max/VO2peak) for their age and sex will be included in acute exercise experiments; individuals with VO2max/VO2peak value \>20ml/kg/min will be included in cardiorespiratory fitness experiments * individuals categorized as 'low risk' for a cardiovascular event/heart disease when screened by American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) criteria Exclusion Criteria: * adults under the age of 20 and over the age of 40 * Individuals with contraindications to exercise testing will be excluded * Individuals with musculoskeletal impairments preventing them from exercising on a cycle ergometer * Individuals with disease history known to impact the immune system and/or systemic metabolism will be excluded, including autoimmune diseases, HIV, Hepatitis, diabetes, cancer (completed treatment within \<6 months prior), hyper- or hypothyroidism * Pregnancy * Individuals using medications known to impact the cardiopulmonary and/or immune response to exercise with be excluded, including those using medication to control blood pressure (e.g., beta-blockers), daily steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (except daily aspirin), prescription allergy medication, ADHD medication (Ritalin or Adderall), thyroid medication (e.g., Levothyroxine), and chemotherapy (including treatments within the last 6 months). * Individuals habitually using toba…