An Open Label Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of Lacticaseibacillus Paracasei PS23 on Cognition

Inclusion Criteria: * Adults aged 50 to 85 years who self-report experiencing signs of cognitive decline. * No prior diagnosis of dementia or Alzheimer's disease (AD). * Willing and able to comply with study assessments and requirements, and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * Use of antibiotics or probiotic powder, capsules, or tablets within the past month. * Currently undergoing antibiotic treatment. * Known allergy to dairy products. * Presence of immunodeficiency or impaired immune function. * Diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). * Determined unsuitable by the investigator, for example, initiation of any new medication or therapy during the study period, particularly those related to memory impairment or cognitive decline.