Comparison of ESP, SAP and SPSIP Blocks on VATS'

Inclusion Criteria: * Forty-five adult patients scheduled for elective wedge resection or biopsy under VATS, classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III, were enrolled after providing written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * ASA class IV or higher, * morbid obesity (BMI \> 40 kg/m²), * body weight ≤ 50 kg, * skin infection at the block site, * refusal to participate, * inability to cooperate during postoperative pain assessment, * conversion to open surgery, * preexisting pain, * known allergy to any study medication, * coagulopathy.