Effect of ORI-guided Oxygen Titration on Oxidative Stress in Rhinoplasty Surgery

Inclusion Criteria: * classified as ASA physical status I or II Exclusion Criteria: * under 18 years of age * ASA classification greater than II * Mallampati score of 3 or 4 * findings suggestive of difficult intubation during physical examination * any pathological findings on chest X-ray evaluation (e.g., pleural effusion, nodular density increase, emphysema, atelectasis, calcification, mediastinal widening, or infiltration) * a history of circulatory disorders * hematocrit or hemoglobin values outside the normal range (Hemoglobin: 12-16 g/dL for males, 11-14 g/dL for females; Hematocrit: 36-48% for males, 33-42% for females) * a known hypersensitivity to any anesthetic agent to be used in the study.