Effect of Stress Ball Intervention on Psychophysiological Responses During Hernia Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Inclusion Criteria: * Be 18 years of age or older, * Willing to undergo surgery for an umbilical hernia, inguinal hernia, or femoral hernia, * Have no hearing or perception problems, * Have no physical disability that would prevent the use of a stress ball, * Be undergoing hernia surgery for the first time. Exclusion Criteria: * Having used analgesic or anxiolytic medication before surgery, * Being switched to general anesthesia during surgery despite planning for local anesthesia, * Having a diagnosed psychiatric disorder, * Being diagnosed with uncontrolled hypertension.