A Multidisciplinary Perioperative Pain Management

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥18 years (adult patients capable of cooperating with assessments and interventions; pediatric patients were excluded due to developmental differences in pain perception and response); * No severe anal malformations (defined as conditions that could significantly alter surgical technique or affect wound healing, such as anal stenosis or grade III or higher rectal prolapse) and no history of previous anal surgery; * Complete clinical data available; * Clear consciousness and intact cognitive and communication abilities, with the capacity to comply with study assessments and interventions; * Diagnosis of a common benign anorectal disease requiring elective surgery (e.g., grade III/IV mixed hemorrhoids, simple anal fistula, chronic anal fissure, low perianal abscess) in accordance with the diagnostic criteria outlined in the Guideline for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Hemorrhoids (2017 edition). Exclusion Criteria: * Diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal malignancy, or active intestinal infection; presence of significant dysfunction in major organs (e.g., ASA \[American Society of Anesthesiologists\] physical status classification ≥ III), autoimmune diseases, or long-term use of immunosuppressants or corticosteroids; * History of chronic pain syndromes or long-term use of opioid analgesics; * Presence of moderate-to-severe lumbar spinal disease or deformity that precludes neuraxial anesthesia (e.g., planned spinal anesthesia); * W…