The goal of this observational study is to observe the characteristics of cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) parameters in patients across different cardiovascular diseases and to evaluate the predictive value of multiparameter cardiopulmonary indices for 5-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).
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Characteristics of CPET parameters across different cardiovascular diseases.
Timeframe: After enrollment
Incidence of 5-year MACE
Timeframe: from enrollment to 5 years post-enrollment