Background: Preventing early exposure to invasive mechanical ventilation in premature infants is crucial for reducing the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and improving overall outcomes. Compared to immediate cord clamping (ICC) and tracheal intubation for pulmonary surfactant administration at birth, delayed cord clamping (DCC) combined with minimally invasive surfactant administration (MISA) has been shown to enhance early respiratory and circulatory stability in premature infants, thereby decreasing the need for invasive mechanical ventilation. The investigators hypothesize that for preterm infants under 30 weeks gestation diagnosed with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), the combination of DCC and MISA will more effectively reduce the incidence of BPD. Methods and Design: The investigators will conduct a single-center ambispective cohort study to compare three treatment regimens in premature infants diagnosed with neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) at less than 30 weeks gestation: Delayed cord clamping (DCC) combined with minimally invasive surfactant administration (MISA) (n=74); Immediate cord clamping (ICC) combined with tracheal intubation for pulmonary surfactant administration (n=222); Immediate cord clamping (ICC) combined with MISA (n=222). The study aims to evaluate the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), short-term treatment effects, safety, and long-term outcomes associated with each regimen, providing valuable evidence for clinical treatment decisions. Discussion: Current research indicates that both delayed cord clamping (DCC) and minimally invasive surfactant administration (MISA) positively impact the prognosis of very premature infants and help reduce the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). However, there is limited research on whether the combined use of DCC and MISA can further enhance survival rates and decrease BPD incidence in this vulnerable population. The investigators NICU has gradually implemented MISA in respiratory management since 2017 and adopted cord management with DCC since 2023. This study retrospectively analyzes data from previous groups: those receiving immediate cord clamping (ICC) with MISA, and those receiving ICC with tracheal intubation. The investigators will compare this with prospective data from the DCC combined with MISA group to assess differences in BPD occurrence, other complications and overall outcomes. Through this study, the investigators aim to determine whether the combination of DCC and MISA offers greater benefits in improving the prognosis of very premature infants, ultimately providing a stronger foundation for early respiratory and circulatory management strategies for infants born before 30 weeks.
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incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Timeframe: At 36 weeks PMA