The objective is to investigate the effect of walnuts on gut microbiota, inflammatory markers, atopic dermatitis status, and indices of allergy outcomes in breastfed infants during early complementary feeding. The three primary aims include: Aim 1: Evaluate the effect of walnut consumption on gut microbiota structure and function, inflammation, atopic dermatitis, and allergy outcomes. Aim 2: Evaluate the impact of walnut consumption on infant growth trajectories and risk of overweight. Aim 3 (exploratory): Identify walnut-specific food signatures that are associated with gut microbiota and immunity biomarkers using a novel nutri-metabolomics technique.
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Gut Microbiome Composition Analyzed using 16S rRNA Amplicon Sequencing
Timeframe: Over 7 months
Infant Growth (Length)
Timeframe: Over 7 months
Infant Growth (Weight)
Timeframe: Over 7 months
Dietary Intake
Timeframe: Over 7 months
IL-33 (Interleukin-33)
Timeframe: Over 7 months
IL-6 (Interleukin-6)
Timeframe: Over 7 months
IL-8 (Interleukin-8)
Timeframe: Over 7 months
IL-13 (Interleukin-13)
Timeframe: Over 7 months
TGF-b (Transforming growth factor beta)
Timeframe: Over 7 months
IL-4 (Interleukin-4)
Timeframe: Over 7 months
IL-10 (Interleukin 10)
Timeframe: Over 7 months