Team Familiarity and Perioperative Outcomes in Non-Cardiac Surgery

Inclusion Criteria: * All elective surgeries for adults (age ≥18 years) Exclusion Criteria: * Surgeries in which patient demographics (age, gender), ASA grade, procedure details, and positional data were unattainable * Cardiac surgical procedures (with a fixed surgical team) * Operations under non-intubated general anesthesia or intravenous anesthesia (primarily diagnostic procedures not requiring close multidisciplinary collaboration) * Surgical cases with missing data on pre-anesthesia preparation time, anesthesia induction time, and surgical procedure duration * Surgical cases with missing data on team members' years of experience and gender information. * Surgical cases with missing data on intra- and post-operative major complications and other safety-related outcome measures